BASIC OF PIPING.

              Basic of Piping Details

Basic details of PIPING Oil and Gas or Refinary.



INDEX:- 

1. Pipe Details.

2. Codes and Standard.

3. American section and Standards.

4. ASME Piping code.

5. Organisation.

6. Pipe Material code.

7. Pipe manufacturing Types. 

8. Pipe fittings.

9. ASME, ASTM code for pipe and fittings.

10. Pipe Ends 

1. Basic Definition of Pipe.

  • A pipe is a tube or hollow cylinder used to convey materials or as a structural component.
  • A pipe or  tube used to convey water, gas, oil, or other fluid substances.
  •  A pipe is generally specified by the internal diameter (ID or NB).
  • There are two common methods for designating pipe outside diameter (OD). 
  •  The North American method is called NPS.
  • NPS -  ("Nominal Pipe Size") and is based on inches (also frequently referred to as NB ("Nominal Bore")).
  •  The European version is called DN ("Diameter Nominal" / "Nominal Diameter") and is based on millimeters. 

2 .  Codes and Standard of Pipe.

Codes :-    

A group of general rules or systematic procedures for design, fabrication, installation and inspection prepared in such a manner that it can be adopted by legal jurisdiction and made into law.

STANDARD: -
  • Documents prepared by a professional group or committee who are believed to be good and proper engineering practice and which contain mandatory requirements. 
  • The users are responsible for the correct application of the same.

3. American section and Standards.

American institute standards:

API :– American Petroleum Institute.
AISI :– American Iron & Steel Institute.
ASTM – American Society for Testing and Materials.
ANSI: – American National Standard Institute.
AWS :– American Welding Society.
ASME :– American Society for Mechanical Engineers.
AWWA :– American Water Works Association.

ASME Sections:

Section – I: - Rules for construction of power boilers.

Section – II: - Materials
                Part – A: - Ferrous Materials.
               Part – B: - Non-Ferrous Materials.
               Part – C: - Specification for electrodes                                        and filler wire.
               Part – D: - Properties.

Section – IV: - Rules for construction of heating boilers.

Section – V: - Non-destructive examination.

Section – VI: - Recommended rules for care & operation of heating boilers.

Section – VII: - Recommended guidelines for care of power boilers.

Section – VIII: - Rules for construction of pressure vessels.

Section – IX: - Welding & brazing qualification.

4. ASME Piping Codes:

B31.1: - Power piping.
B31.2: - Fuel gas piping.
B31.3: - Chemical Plant and refinery piping.
B31.4: - Liquid petroleum piping.
B31.5: - Refrigerating piping.
B31.7: - Nuclear piping.
B31.8: - Gas Transmission piping.
B31.9: - Building service piping.
B31.10: - Cryogenic piping.
B31.11: - Slurry piping.

5.  Organisation.

  • Codes and standards relating to piping systems and piping components are published by various organizations.
  •  These organizations have committees made up of representatives from industry associations, manufacturers, professional groups, government agencies, insurance companies, and other interested parties.
  •  The committees are responsible for maintaining, updating and revising the codes and standards in view of technological developments, research, experience feedback, problems, and changes in referenced codes, standards, specifications, and regulations.

6. Piping Materials.

1. Carbon Steel: - 


ASTM A53 Gr. A/B. 

ASTM A106 Gr. A/B/C.

ASTM A333 Gr.1/Gr.6.



2. Alloy Steel: -

 ASTM A335 Gr.P1
ASTM A335 Gr.P2
ASTM A335 Gr.P5
ASTM A335 Gr.P7
ASTM A335 Gr.P9
ASTM A335 Gr.P11
ASTM A335 Gr.P22

3. Stainless steel:-

ASTM A312 TP304/TP304L/TP304H/TP308/TP310/TP316/TP316L/TP316H/TP317/TP321/TP321H/TP347/TP347H/TP348/TP348H.

4. Nickel Steel: -

ASTM A333 Gr.3
ASTM A333 Gr.8

Piping ASME Codes:

Carbon Steel & Alloy Steel: -

  ASME B36.10 – Plain End.
 ASME B36.10/B16.25 – Bevel End.

Stainless Steel: -

ASME B36.19 – Plain End.
 ASME B36.19/B16.25 – Bevel End.

7. Pipe manufacturing Types.

Based on the method of pipes manufacturing:-

1. Seamless
2. Welded
          2.1 – Electric Resistance Welded (ERW).
          2.2 – Electric-Fusion Welded (EFW).
          2.3 – Spiral Welded.
          2.4 – Furnace Butt Welded.
          2.5– Double Submerged Arc Welded.

What is seamless pipe ?
  •       Seamless pipes are derived from solid steel that is in sheet or bar form and is formed into a solid round shape known as “billets” which are then heated and cast over a form such as a piercing rod to create a hollow tube or shell.

  • Pipe produced by piercing a billet followed by rolling or drawing or both.

 Welded pipe 

Electrical Resistance Welded Pipe: - 
Pipes having longitudinal butt joint wherein
coalescence is produced by the heat obtained from resistance of the pipe to flow of electric current in a circuit of which the pipe is a part, and by application of pressure.

Electric-Fusion Welded Pipe: - 
Pipes having a longitudinal butt joint wherein coalescence is produced in the performed tube by manual or automatic electric arc welding. Weld may be single or double.

Spiral Welded Pipe: - 
Pipes having a helical seam with a butt, lap, and lock seam joint which is welded using either an electrical resistance, electrical fusion or double
submerged arc welding process.

Furnace Butt Welded Pipe: - Pipes having a longitudinal weld joints forge welded by
mechanical pressure developed in passing the hot-formed and edge-heated skelp through
round pass weld rolls.

Double Submerged Arc Welded Pipe: -
Pipes having a longitudinal butt joint produced by at least two passes, one of which is on the inside of the pipe. 
Coalescence is produced by heating with an electric arc or arcs between the bare metal electrode or electrodes and the pipe. Pressure is not used and filler material is obtained from electrode.

8. Pipe fittings.

Standards Pipe fittings.

1. Elbows: - 
                  a. 45° Elbows.
                  b. 90° Elbows.

                  LR Elbows (Long Radius).
                  SR Elbows (Short Radius).

2. 180° Returns: -
                    SR Returns.
                    LR Returns.

3. Tees: - 
                Equal Tees.
               Reducing Tees.

4. Cross: - 
             Equal Cross.
             Reducing Cross.

5. Caps.

6. Reducers: - 
              Concentric Reducers.
              Eccentric Reducers.

7. Stub ends: -
                Long Stub ends.
                Short Stub ends.

8. Couplings: - 
                 Full Couplings.
                Half Couplings.
                 Reducing Couplings.

9. Swage Nipple: - 
                 Concentric.
                 Eccentric.
10. Unions.

11. FLANGE .  Flanges can be classified based on pipe attachments:
           1. Slip-on
           2. Socket Weld
           3. Screwed
           4. Lap Joint
           5. Welding Neck
           6. Blind
           7. Reducing
           8. Integral

11. Special Fittings (Reinforced Branch Fittings): -
               Weldolet.
               Sockolet
               Threadolet
               Elbolet
               Sweepolet
               Nippolet
               Latrolet.

9. ASME, ASTM code for pipe and fittings: -

ASME B1.1 – Unified Inch Screw Threads.

ASME B1.20.1 – Pipe Threads General Purpose.

ASME B16.1 – Cast Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings.

ASME B16.3 – Malleable Iron Threaded Fittings.

ASME B16.4 – Cast Iron Threaded Fittings.

ASME B16.5 – Steel Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings.

ASME B16.9 – Steel Butt weld Fittings.

ASME B16.10 – Face to face and End to end dimensions of valves.

ASME B16.11 – Forged Steel Socket welding and Threaded Fittings.

ASME B16.20 – Metallic Gaskets for pipe flanges – ring joint, spiral wound and jacketed
 Flanges.

ASME B16.21 – Non-metallic gasket for pipe flanges.

ASME B16.25 – Butt welding Ends.

ASME B16.28 – Short Radius Elbows and Returns.

ASME B16.34 – Steel valves, flanged and butt welding ends.

ASME B16.42 – Ductile Iron Pipe Flanges & Flanges Fittings – Class 150 and 300.

ASME B16.47 – Large Diameter Steel Flanges – NPS 26 to 60.

ASME B16.49 – Factory made Induction Bends.

ASME B18.2.1 & 2 – Square and Hexagonal head Bolts and Nuts – (in & mm).

ASME B36.10 – Welded and Seamless Wrought steel Pipes.

ASME B36.19 – Welded and Seamless Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipes.

ASTM Specifications:- 

Carbon Steel SEAMLESS PIPES: -  

 ASTM A53 (Gr. A / B) or A106 (Gr. A / B)

Carbon steel WELDED PIPES : -
ASTM A134 / A135 / A139

ASTM Specifications for Alloy Steel:- 

SEAMLESS PIPE : - 
ASTM A335 (P5 – P11 – P12 – P22)

WELDED PIPE : -   ASTM A358

ASTM Specifications for Stainless Steel:-

SEAMLESS PIPE : - A312 TP304 – 304L - 316 - 316L - 321.

WELDED PIPE : - ASTM A249 TP304 - 304L - 316 - 316L - 321.

10. PIPE ENDS: -

Based on the material of construction and the pipe to pipe joint, the ends of the pipes are
specified follows.

1. Plain ends
2. Beveled ends
3. Flanged ends
4. Screwed ends
5. Spigot ends
6. Buttress ends.





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